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標題: 文言文是怎樣產生的 [打印本頁]

作者: alexlo0118    時間: 2011-2-21 02:43     標題: 文言文是怎樣產生的

文言文是古代漢語的文體之一,也是我國古典文學所使用的主要語言,具有詞彙豐富、精煉的特點。與冗長但易懂的白話文相比,文言文的特點是較為晦澀、難懂,學習起來也較為困難。但是,古代的人們在當時為何要創建與口語相差很大的文言文,而不是採用與口語更為接近的白話文呢?

在中國古代,創造文字的歷史其實是非常漫長的,從歷史實物遺跡來看,在新石器的中、晚期,就已經出現了原始文字,但其數量極其有限,當時的文字結構也較為複雜,筆劃較多且難以書寫。到了公元前1400年至公元前1100年的殷王朝時期,又出現了甲骨文字。所謂甲骨文字,就是殷人在占卜的過程中刻在龜甲或獸骨上的文字。由於龜甲或獸骨的材質叫硬,不難理解,甲骨文的刻寫速度應該是很低的。由於每塊龜甲或獸骨上所能刻的字數非常有限,如果一篇文章的字數較多,則需使用大量的龜甲或獸骨,並令相關人員付出極大的勞動量和很長的時間,才能完成在龜甲或獸骨上的刻字工作,這必然導致創作與口語相對應的文章的造價極高。此外,用龜甲或獸骨作為載體的長篇文章翻閱起來也極不方便。因此,從當時所使用的書寫材料和書寫效率上來看,公元前1400年至公元前1100年的殷王朝時期顯然不具備創作產生與口語相對應的白話文的物質基礎。

在殷王朝的後期,又出現了刻在青銅器上的金文,到了東周時期,進一步又出現了刻在石材上的石鼓文,但金文、石鼓文與甲骨文一樣,也存在著文章的刻寫速度慢、製作成本高等問題,上述各種技術難題導致當時的文章通常都是言簡意賅的關鍵詞或短句,並由此奠定了中國古代文言文的語法基礎。

到了戰國時期,隨著文字的結構逐漸開始規範簡化,文字的數量也開始豐富起來,再加上毛筆和筆墨的發明和書寫材料帛書、簡書的廣泛使用,文字的書寫速度有了一定程度的提高。但由於當時的生產力較為低下,帛在當時還是較為昂貴的書寫材料,一般的人們是捨不得用帛來寫文章的。而竹木簡牘的造價雖相對較低,但用簡牘編纂成的書體積較大,翻閱、存放都不太方便,如果採用與口語相仿的白話文寫文章,則一部書的的造價不僅非常昂貴,也不便於讀者翻閱和保存。據史料記載,秦始皇規定自己一天要看奏章一百二十斤(大約相當於現在的六十斤),不看完不休息。由此可見,在古代翻閱簡牘也是一項很辛苦的工作,而精簡、幹練的文言文,自然較白話文更為實用,更受那個時代的讀者歡迎。

簡牘作為一種書寫材料,一直到了東漢中期才開始逐漸被紙張替代,此時,文言文作為漢語的文體,已經有了輝煌燦爛的歷史積澱,許多不朽的文言文名著如《道德經》、《論語》、《孫子兵法》、《史記》等已經廣泛傳播開來,而文化所具有的傳承性使得文言文直到今天依然是被人們廣泛閱讀的主要文體之一。
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